Transcriber’s Notes: Text between _underscores_ and =equal signs= represent text printed in italics and bold face respectively; ^{text} represents superscript text; [·1] represents ·1 with a bar above. Small capitals have been transcribed as ALL CAPITALS. More Transcriber’s Notes may be found at the end of this text. IRRIGATION WORKS _By the Same Author_ RIVER AND CANAL ENGINEERING. The Characteristics of Open Flowing Streams, and the principles and methods to be followed in dealing with them. 72 illustrations, x + 220 pp., 8vo (1913). =8/6= net. PUNJAB RIVERS AND WORKS. Second Edition. 47 illustrations, viii + 64 pp., folio (1912). =8/-= net. HYDRAULICS WITH WORKING TABLES. Second Edition. 160 illustrations, xii + 311 pp., 8vo (1911). =12/-= net. THE SUCTION CAUSED BY SHIPS. Explained in Popular Language. 2 plates, 26 pp., 8vo, sewed (1912). =1/-= net. E. & F. N. SPON, LTD., LONDON [Illustration: BRIDGE ON AN INDIAN CANAL. _Frontispiece._] IRRIGATION WORKS THE PRINCIPLES ON WHICH THEIR DESIGN AND WORKING SHOULD BE BASED, WITH SPECIAL DETAILS RELATING TO INDIAN CANALS AND SOME PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS BY E. S. BELLASIS, M.INST.C.E. RECENTLY SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER IN THE IRRIGATION BRANCH OF THE PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT OF INDIA 37 Illustrations [Illustration] London E. & F. N. SPON, LTD., 57 HAYMARKET, S.W. New York SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 LIBERTY STREET 1913 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ARTICLE 1. Preliminary Remarks 1 2. General Principles of Canal Design 2 3. Information concerning Canals 11 4. Losses of Water 16 5. Duty of Water 21 6. Sketch of a Project 26 CHAPTER II THE DESIGNING OF A CANAL 1. Headworks 30 2. The Contour Map 36 3. Alignments and Discharges 37 4. Remarks on Distributaries 45 5. Design of Canal and Branches 47 6. Banks and Roads 53 7. Trial Lines 58 8. Final Line and Estimate 59 9. Design of a Distributary 60 10. Best System of Distributaries 71 11. Outlets 76 12. Masonry Works 80 13. Pitching 90 14. Miscellaneous Items 93 CHAPTER III THE WORKING OF A CANAL