Irrigation works : $b the principles on which their design and working should be based, with special details relating to Indian canals and some proposed improvementsBellasis, E. S. (Edward Skelton)
Science
Irrigation works : $b the principles on which their design and working should be based, with special details relating to Indian canals and some proposed improvements
Bellasis, E. S. (Edward Skelton)
Canals; Irrigation
It has been more than once mentioned that there are periods when a
distributary is run, not full, but about three-fourths full. If that
were done in the case of a distributary whose outlets were mostly
moduled, the water level would probably be below the minimum limit, and
the modules would not be acting as such. The outlets would not, under
these circumstances, obtain their proper proportionate supplies. This
difficulty can, no doubt, be got over by running the distributary full
for short periods at a time instead of three-fourths full for longer
periods. The people, when once they understood the case, could arrange
to use the water in greater volume for two days instead of in smaller
volume for three. If this arrangement comes into force it will not be
necessary to design distributaries--see Chapter III, Art. 4--so as to
have a good command when three-fourths full supply is run.
On nearly every distributary there are some watercourses whose command
is bad, and it has been stated (Chapter II, Art. 9) that in an ordinary
unmoduled distributary the sizes of the outlets in such cases should be
extremely liberal. To module any such outlet would cause a lowering of
the water level in the watercourse and would interfere with the
irrigation. Such outlets should not be moduled. Again, there are some
few outlets which are not submerged, _i.e._, there is a free fall into
the watercourse. The discharge does not depend on the water level in the
watercourse, and it is not affected by any enlargement or clearance of
it. It depends only on the water level in the distributary. This water
level, if most of the outlets are moduled, will be fairly constant. Such
outlets need not be moduled, and they should not be moduled unless the
other unmoduled outlets in the reach concerned are sufficiently
numerous, and perhaps not even then, because moduling involves some
expense.
A distributary generally has some falls which divide it into reaches.
Immediately upstream of a fall the water level for a given discharge is
not affected by the silting or scouring of the channel. Any outlets near
to and upstream of the fall are less subject than others to variation in
discharge, and are suitable for non-moduling in case a sufficient number
of unmoduled outlets is not otherwise obtainable.
Regarding the watercourses at the extreme tail of a distributary it has
been pointed out (Chapter III., Art. 7) that in an ordinary case they
should not be left without masonry outlets, because they may then lower
the water level and so unfairly reduce the supply of any watercourse,
even though upstream of them, which has such an outlet. But any outlets
near the tail of a distributary can suitably be left unmoduled because
of the difficulty of ensuring that the supply at the tail shall be
exactly what is needed.
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