Irrigation works : $b the principles on which their design and working should be based, with special details relating to Indian canals and some proposed improvementsBellasis, E. S. (Edward Skelton)
Science
Irrigation works : $b the principles on which their design and working should be based, with special details relating to Indian canals and some proposed improvements
Bellasis, E. S. (Edward Skelton)
Canals; Irrigation
Regarding the percentage of area to be irrigated, it has already been
stated that one canal or distributary irrigates a far higher percentage
than another. Generally when there is a high percentage in any tract, it
is undesirable to cut it down unless it has very recently sprung up to
the detriment of other tracts. In some remodelling projects a uniform
percentage is taken on the whole area including both new and old
irrigation. This plan is suitable when the percentage of old irrigation
is not very high. In other cases the old irrigation to be provided for
may be taken as the maximum area actually irrigated, a little being
perhaps added for extensions. If the irrigation of considerable areas of
jungle tracts is contemplated and if these consist of numerous small
patches, a further percentage can be added for them. If there are large
jungle tracts they can of course be dealt with separately and any
suitable percentage adopted for them. The percentage for each portion of
a remodelling project is not necessarily the same.
If the discharge of a channel is increased, the waterways of bridges may
need increasing. This can often be done (Chapter II., Art. 12) by making
a floor at a low level. Or the waterway may be allowed to remain small,
the floor being added at the bed level and the bridge then becoming an
incomplete fall, (page 87). The fall in the water surface, though small,
can be recognised and shown on the longitudinal section.
In remodelling schemes, the longitudinal section should give all
possible information. It should show not only the levels of bed and
banks, but the F.S. levels (in blue figures) above and below all falls
or regulators, and the levels of floors and waterways of bridges. The
plan should show all watercourses and the “chaks” or areas assigned to
them.[34] On each chak the actual average irrigation can be shown in
blue figures and the proposed irrigation in red. The “draw-off” for each
proposed outlet can then be shown on the longitudinal section. The area
actually irrigated, as shown on the map, should in each case be the
mean of at least three years, and if possible of five years. The number
of years should be mentioned in a note on the map. Cross-sections of
channels should always be drawn to natural scale, and not with the
horizontal scale differing from the vertical.
[34] The field maps mentioned on page 101 are prepared to a very large
scale and show all watercourses. The maps should always be corrected
up to date by the patwaris. The chak maps which are on a smaller
scale--say 4 inches to the mile--can thus be kept correct.
7. =Remodelling of outlets.= When a channel is remodelled, the
remodelling of the outlets may consist in alterations of the number or
sites or in alterations of their sizes.
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