[Illustration: ISABEL OF CASTILE AFTER A PAINTING IN THE PRADO GALLERY ATTRIBUTED TO MIGUEL ZITTOZ FROM “TORQUEMADA AND THE SPANISH INQUISITION” BY RAFAEL SABATINI ] ISABEL OF CASTILE AND THE MAKING OF THE SPANISH NATION 1451–1504 BY IERNE L. PLUNKET AUTHOR OF “THE FALL OF THE OLD ORDER, 1763–1815” _Illustrated_ [Illustration: Fleuron] G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON =The Knickerbocker Press= 1915 COPYRIGHT, 1915 BY G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS =The Knickerbocker Press, New York= FOREWORD Isabel of Castile is one of the most remarkable, and also one of the most attractive, figures in Spanish history. Her marriage with Ferdinand the Wise of Aragon brought about the union of the Spanish nationality, which had so long been distracted and divided by provincial prejudices and dynastic feuds. She is the ancestress of the Spanish Hapsburg line. But she is also important in Spanish history as a wise and energetic ruler, who rendered invaluable assistance to her husband and to some extent moulded his policy. Under their government Spain was reduced from anarchy to order and took her place among the great Powers of Europe. Isabel is perhaps best known as the patroness of Christopher Columbus and the unflinching ally of the Spanish Inquisition. But her career presents many other features of interest. In particular it reveals the problems which had to be faced by European governments in the critical period of transition from mediæval to modern forms of national organization. H. W. C. D. BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD, Dec. 17, 1914. CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER I CASTILE IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 1 CHAPTER II THE REIGN OF HENRY IV.: MISGOVERNMENT. 1454–1463 22 CHAPTER III THE REIGN OF HENRY IV.: CIVIL WAR AND ANARCHY. 1464–1474 51 CHAPTER IV ACCESSION OF ISABEL: THE PORTUGUESE WAR. 1475–1479 88 CHAPTER V ORGANIZATION AND REFORM 121 CHAPTER VI THE MOORISH WAR. 1481–1483 158 CHAPTER VII