AVILA, THE CATHEDRAL 336 From a photograph by Hauser and Menet. ISABEL, QUEEN OF PORTUGAL, ELDEST DAUGHTER OF FERDINAND AND ISABEL 338 From _Iconografia Española_, by Valentin Carderera y Solano. AVILA FROM BEYOND THE CITY WALLS 344 From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid. A KING-AT-ARMS 364 From _Spanish Arms and Armour_. Reproduced by courtesy of the author, Mr. A. F. Calvert. SPANISH MAN-AT-ARMS, FIFTEENTH CENTURY 368 From _Spanish Arms and Armour_. Reproduced by courtesy of the author, Mr. A. F. Calvert. TILTING ARMOUR OF PHILIP THE FAIR 376 From _Spanish Arms and Armour_. Reproduced by courtesy of the author, Mr. A. F. Calvert. JOANNA “THE MAD,” DAUGHTER OF QUEEN ISABEL 380 From _Historia de la Villa y Corte de Madrid_, by Amador de los Rios. CODICIL TO ISABEL’s WILL, WITH HER SIGNATURE 384 From Lafuente’s _Historia General De España_, vol. vii. FERDINAND OF ARAGON 388 Carved wooden statue from the Cathedral at Malaga. GRANADA CATHEDRAL, ROYAL CHAPEL, TOMB OF FERDINAND AND ISABEL 392 From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid. BURGOS CATHEDRAL 396 From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid. COINS, CATHOLIC KINGS 402 From Lafuente’s _Historia General De España_, vol. vii. COINS, CATHOLIC KINGS 404 From Lafuente’s _Historia General De España_, vol. vii. COINS, CATHOLIC KINGS 406 From Lafuente’s _Historia General De España_, vol. vii. COINS, FERDINAND 408 From Lafuente’s _Historia General De España_, vol. vii. FAÇADE OF SAN PABLO AT VALLADOLID 420 From a photograph by Lacoste, Madrid. MAP AT END ISABEL OF CASTILE CHAPTER I CASTILE IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY