5. MAP OF THE ANCIENT RHONE GLACIER (From Sir C. Lyell's _Antiquity of Man_) 110 6. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF EXCENTRICITY AND PRECESSION ON CLIMATE 127 7. DIAGRAM OF EXCENTRICITY AND PRECESSION 129 8. MAP SHOWING THE EXTENT OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLAR ICE 138 9. DIAGRAM SHOWING CHANGES OF EXCENTRICITY DURING THREE MILLION YEARS 171 10. OUTLINE MAP OF THE AZORES 248 11. MAP OF BERMUDA AND THE AMERICAN COAST 263 12. SECTION OF BERMUDA AND ADJACENT SEA-BOTTOM 264 {xx} 13. MAP OF THE GALAPAGOS AND ADJACENT COASTS OF SOUTH AMERICA 276 14. MAP OF THE GALAPAGOS 277 15. MAP OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC, SHOWING POSITION OF ST. HELENA 293 16. MAP OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS 311 17. MAP OF THE NORTH PACIFIC, WITH ITS SUBMERGED BANKS 312 18. MAP SHOWING THE BANK CONNECTING BRITAIN WITH THE CONTINENT 333 19. MAP OF BORNEO AND JAVA, SHOWING THE GREAT SUBMARINE BANK OF SOUTH-EASTERN ASIA 373 20. MAP OF JAPAN AND FORMOSA 392 21. PHYSICAL SKETCH MAP OF MADAGASCAR (From _Nature_) 413 22. MAP OF MADAGASCAR GROUP, SHOWING DEPTHS OF SEA 415 23. MAP OF THE INDIAN OCEAN 424 24. MAP OF CELEBES AND THE SURROUNDING ISLANDS 451 25. MAP SHOWING DEPTHS OF SEA AROUND AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 471 26. MAP SHOWING THE PROBABLE CONDITION OF AUSTRALIA DURING THE CRETACEOUS EPOCH 496 * * * * * ISLAND LIFE PART I _THE DISPERSAL OF ORGANISMS_ _ITS PHENOMENA, LAWS, AND CAUSES_ {3} CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY Remarkable Contrasts in distribution of Animals--Britain and Japan--Australia and New Zealand--Bali and Lombok--Florida and Bahama Islands--Brazil and Africa--Borneo, Madagascar, and Celebes--Problems in distribution to be found in every country--Can be solved only by the combination of many distinct lines of inquiry, biological and physical--Islands offer the best subjects for the study of distribution--Outline of the subjects to be discussed in the present volume.