Chapter XV. Considerable additions have been made to this chapter embodying the recent discoveries of birds and insects new to the Sandwich Islands, while a much fuller account has been given of its highly peculiar and very interesting flora. Chapter XVI. Important additions and corrections have been made in the lists of peculiar British animals and plants embodying the most recent information. Chapter XVII. Very large additions have been made to the mammalia and birds of Borneo, and full lists of the peculiar species are given. {viii} Chapter XVIII. A more accurate account is given of the birds of Japan. Chapter XIX. The recent additions to the mammals and birds of Madagascar are embodied in this chapter, and a fuller sketch is given of the rich and peculiar flora of the island. Chapter XXI. and XXII. Some important additions have been made to these chapters owing to more accurate information as to the depth of the sea around New Zealand, and to the discovery of abundant remains of fossil plants of the tertiary and cretaceous periods both in New Zealand and Australia. In the body of the work I have in each case acknowledged the valuable information given me by naturalists of eminence in their various departments, and I return my best thanks to all who have so kindly assisted me. I am however indebted in a special manner to one gentleman--Mr. Theo. D. A. Cockerell, now Curator of the Museum of the Jamaica Institute--who supplied me with a large amount of information by searching the most recent works in the scientific libraries, by personal inquiries among naturalists, and also by giving me the benefit of his own copious notes and observations. Without his assistance it would have been difficult for me to have made the present edition so full and complete as I hope it now is. In a work of such wide range, and dealing with so large a body of facts some errors will doubtless be detected, though, I trust few of importance. PARKSTONE, DORSET, _December, 1891_. * * * * * {ix} PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The present volume is the result of four years' additional thought and research on the lines laid down in my _Geographical Distribution of Animals_, and may be considered as a popular supplement to and completion of that work.