Transcriber’s Note: Italic text is enclosed in _underscores_. Additional notes will be found near the end of this ebook. ISRAEL IN EUROPE [Illustration: (Macmillan logo)] ISRAEL IN EUROPE BY G. F. ABBOTT KNIGHT COMMANDER OF THE HELLENIC ORDER OF THE SAVIOUR AUTHOR OF “SONGS OF MODERN GREECE,” “THE TALE OF A TOUR IN MACEDONIA,” “THROUGH INDIA WITH THE PRINCE,” ETC. LONDON MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1907 GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD. PREFATORY NOTE The aims and the limits of the present work are sufficiently explained in the Introduction. Here it only remains for me to perform the pleasant duty of recording my gratitude to Mr. I. Abrahams, of Cambridge, for his friendly assistance in the revision of the proofs and my indebtedness to him for many valuable suggestions. He must not, however, be held to share all my views. G. F. A. CONTENTS PAGE AUTHORITIES xi INTRODUCTION xv CHAPTER I HEBRAISM AND HELLENISM 1 CHAPTER II THE JEW IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE 18 CHAPTER III JUDAISM AND PAGANISM 28 CHAPTER IV THE DISPERSION 34 CHAPTER V CHRISTIANITY AND THE JEWS 41 CHAPTER VI MIDDLE AGES 62 CHAPTER VII THE CRUSADES 83 CHAPTER VIII USURY AND THE JEWS 105 CHAPTER IX THE JEWS IN ENGLAND 115 CHAPTER X THE JEWS IN SPAIN 141 CHAPTER XI AFTER THE EXPULSION 167 CHAPTER XII THE RENAISSANCE 178 CHAPTER XIII THE GHETTO 196 CHAPTER XIV THE REFORMATION AND THE JEWS 214 CHAPTER XV CATHOLIC REACTION 232 CHAPTER XVI IN HOLLAND 245 CHAPTER XVII