-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+----------------- Remarks.--The 1912-13 and 1913 types differ only in the adoption of metal in the 1913 models, which are consequently considerably lighter. General features.--Warping wings. Fixed tail planes with two elevators in rear. Single rudder. Single tractor geared down 1 to 2. Type C carries 85 litres petrol; type C.M., 137 litres. [Illustration: Astra. Military "C.M." 1913.] [Illustration: Astra. Hydro-avion, 1913.] ~B~ BERTIN. L. Bertin, 23 rue de Rocroy, Paris. About 1908 Bertin began building helicopters. The machine below was exhibited in the 1913 Paris Salon. [Illustration: Bertin. UAS.] ------------------------------+-------------+ | ~1913.~ | | Monoplane. | | 2-seater. | ------------------------------+-------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29 (8.80) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 34 (10.40) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 226 (21) | {machine, lbs. (kgs.)| 770 (350) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Bertin | ~Speed~ {max m.p.h. (km.)| 71 (115) | Number built during 1912 | 1 | ------------------------------+-------------+ Remarks.--Wood and steel construction. On wheels only. _Controls:_ warping and rear elevator. BESSON. Marcel Besson, 24 rue Marbeuf, Paris. Capacity: small. Besson first appeared in 1911 with a tail-first mono. In the Paris Salon, 1913, he exhibited an improved machine along similar lines. ------------------------------+-------------+ | ~1913~ | | _Canard_ | | 2-seater. | ------------------------------+-------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 22 (6.70) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 44 (13.40) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 323 (30) | {machine, lbs. (kgs.)| 730 (331.2) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Gnome | ~Speed~ m.p.h.(km.)| 59 (95) | Number built during 1912 | 1 | ------------------------------+-------------+ Remarks.--All steel construction. On wheels and 2 skids. _Control:_ ailerons and front elevator. BLERIOT Monoplanes. L. Bleriot, "Bleriot-Aeronautique," 39, Route de la Revolte, Paris-Levallois. Flying grounds: Buc Etampes and Pau. L. Bleriot began to experiment in 1906, along Langley lines. By 1909 he was one of the leading French firms; and the first cross Channel flight was made by him. Details of standard types:--