213 See chapter xi. of a _Description of the Kingdom of Japan and Siam_, by Bernhard Warenius, M.D., Cambridge, Printing-House of John Hayes, Printer to the University, A.D. 1673. The volume is in Latin, which, as well as a translation of the same in manuscript, has been furnished to me by Mr. Benjamin Smith Lyman, of Philadelphia. Warenius was a Lutheran, and need not be suspected of being prejudiced in favor of the Jesuits. See also _History of the Martyrs of Japan_, _Prague_, 1675, by Mathia Tanner, containing many engravings of the horrible scenes, such as burnings, crucifixions, and suspensions in the pit, etc.; also _Histoire des Vingt-six Martyrs du Japon, Crucifié à Nagasaqui le 5 Février, 1597_, par D. Bouix, Paris, 1862. 214 See Woolley’s “Historical Notes on Nagasaki,” _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. ix., part 2, p. 134; also Mr. Satow’s contributions to the discussion of Mr. Gubbins’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 2, p. 52. Specimens of the metal plates are in the Uyeno Museum of Tōkyō. 215 See Kæmpfer’s _Histoire de l’Empire de Japon_, tome i., p. 287. 216 In the narrative which we give of this insurrection we have relied chiefly upon the accounts of Mr. Gubbins in his “Review of the Introduction of Christianity,” _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 1, p. 36; of Mr. Woolley in his “Historical Notes on Nagasaki,” _do._, vol. ix., part 2, p. 140; and on Dr. Geerts’ paper on the “Arima Rebellion and the Conduct of Koeckebacker,” _do._, vol. xi., p. 51. Mr. Gubbins and Mr. Woolley had access to Japanese authorities, and we have in their papers been enabled to see this bloody episode for the first time from a Japanese standpoint. Dr. Geerts has rendered an invaluable service in giving us translations of letters written by Koeckebacker, the head of the Dutch factory during the events, which show us how this insurrection was regarded by the Dutch East India Company. 217 A _rônin_ was a retainer who had given up the service of his feudal master, and for the time being was his own master. 218 See Dr. Geerts’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., p. 75. 219 The ships in use at this time among the Japanese were far less seaworthy than those of European nations. The accompanying figures given by Charlevoix, although probably somewhat fanciful, show the impractical character of the vessels of that time. 220 See Dr. Geerts’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., p. 111.