As to the various barons in the land, their classification into the _tozama_ and _fudai_ classes has already been explained. If classified according to the extent of their holdings, they fall into the three divisions of _kokushi_, _jōshi_, and _ryōshi_. Lands of varying extent were granted in perpetuity, such estates being classed into four kinds, namely, those yielding 10,000 _koku_ annually and upward; those of 50,000 _koku_ and upward; those of 100,000 _koku_ and upward, and those of 300,000 _koku_ and upward. According to these property qualifications the relative ranks of the feudal nobles were determined, as well as their ceremonial robes, their treatment at the Edo castle, and the places assigned to them there. It was prescribed that, whenever the feudal barons repaired to Edo or visited the shōgun's palace, they had to be attended by a fixed retinue of retainers, the number varying with their rank. On these occasions bows, muskets, spears, and halberds were borne by the retinue, several of whom were mounted on horseback. The baggage was carried in handsome cases, called _hasami-bako_, and the utensils used _en route_ were also enclosed in ornamented coverings, so that the whole procession formed an imposing and picturesque spectacle, which was frequently met with on the main roads converging in Edo. As for the _samurai_ at large, they derived their means of support from lands granted them for life or in perpetuity by the shōgun's government or the feudal nobles. Their duties were to master all branches of military exercises and to devote themselves faithfully to the service of their lords, and literature was also studied with assiduity. Speaking broadly, they were divided into two classes. Those belonging to the higher class, called _bajō-kaku_, or knightly rank, took the field on horseback and held comparatively high social positions. The second class, _keihai_, or light men, went on foot, and were subdivided into various grades, as _kachi_, _kobito_, _ashigaru_. The _samurai_ who directly served the shōgun's government were called _jikisan_, and occupied the most respected position among their class, the highest among them being _hatamoto_ (bannerets) and the lowest _kenin_.