The waters naturally unfit for drinking are, inside the city, the springs of the _Hammam-es-shefa_ (Bath of Shefa), situated near the western side of the _Haram-es-Sherîf_. The water supplies the neighbouring bath, but has a disagreeable taste. Outside the city is the spring called the Fountain of the Virgin, that runs into the Pool of Siloam. It is used for irrigating the gardens of Siloam and for domestic purposes. Neither of these springs gives a copious supply of water. The city is full of sewers, the principal being that which, beginning from the Damascus Gate and following the line of the central valley, goes out under the south wall at the Dung Gate, and continues along the western side of the same valley till it comes to the great Pool of Siloam. Another goes along the Street of David, joining the former on the east. All are in the worst possible condition, and annually stand in need of repair, as they frequently become choked up by the accumulated filth. The above brief sketch may suffice for the present; the subject will be treated in detail, and further information given in a future chapter. FOOTNOTES: [2] Gen. xiv. 18. [3] Ep. ad Evang. Presb. § 7. [4] S. John iii. 23. [5] Gen. xiv. 17. [6] Advocates of the other opinion rely on 2 Sam. xviii. 18, but in this passage _the king's dale_ only is mentioned, without the specification of _the valley of the plain_. These last words could not be used of a place overhung by the steep slopes of Mount Moriah and Mount Olivet. [7] Herod, II. 159; III. 5. [8] Josephus, c. Ap. I. 34. [9] Josh. x. 1-27. [10] Judg. i. 21; Josephus, Ant. V. 2, §§ 2, 3. [11] 2 Sam. v. 6-9. [12] 1 Kings xiv. 25, 26. [13] 2 Chron. xxi. 16, 17. [14] 2 Chron. xxv. 23, 24. [15] 2 Kings xix. 35. [16] 2 Chron. xxxiii. 14. [17] 2 Kings xxv. 9, 10. [18] Note I. [19] See the Chronology in Appendix. [20] Plates II., IV. [21] Note II. [22] Note III. [23] Note IV. [24] Plate V. [25] Plate VI. [26] Note V. [27] Plate VII. [28] Images of animals are not forbidden to Mohammedans; see for example the Court of Lions in the Alhambra. [29] Plate XVIII. [30] Plate XX. [31] Plate V. [32] Plate I. [33] Note VI. [34] Psalm xlviii. 2. [35] The Great Synagogue and the Polish are the only two worth mention. CHAPTER II. ANCIENT TOPOGRAPHY OF JERUSALEM--IDENTIFICATION OF THE MOUNTAINS, HILLS AND VALLEYS--JERUSALEM IN THE TIME OF THE JEBUSITES, DAVID, SOLOMON, JOTHAM, HEZEKIAH, MANASSEH, NEHEMIAH, HEROD--THE TESTIMONY OF JOSEPHUS EXAMINED--THE SIEGE BY TITUS--FORMER EXTENT OF THE CITY--JERUSALEM IN THE TIME OF HADRIAN, THE CRUSADERS AND SOLYMAN.