[255] Dewey is here dealing with the 'epistemological' realists, among whom he includes such writers as Bertrand Russell. In an article entitled "The Existence of the World as a Problem" (_Philosophical Review_, Vol. XXIV, 1915, pp. 357-370), Dewey argues that Russell, in making a problem of the existence of the external world, implies its existence in his formulation of the problem. Dewey argues that, since the existence of the world is presupposed in every such formulation, it cannot be called in question. This is like disposing of Zeno's paradox on the ground that arrows fly anyway. [256] _Op. cit._, p. 548. [257] _Ibid._ [258] _Op. cit._ [259] _Ibid._, p. 553. [260] _Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods_, Vol. XII, 1915. Parts I and II, pp. 505-523; Part III, pp. 533-543. [261] _Ibid._, p. 506. [262] _Op. cit._, p. 511. [263] _Op. cit._, p. 514. [264] _Ibid._, p. 515. [265] _Op. cit._, p. 521. [266] _Op. cit._, p. 522 f. [267] _Ibid._, p. 536. [268] _Op. cit._, p. 538. [269] _Ibid._, p. 540. [270] _Op. cit._, p. 541. [271] _Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods_, Vol. XII, 1915, pp. 337-345. [272] _Op. cit._, p. 340. [273] _Ibid._ [274] _Ibid._, p. 345. [275] _Op. cit._, p. 339. [276] _Ibid._, p. 343. [277] _Ibid._, p. 344. [278] _Op. cit._, p. 345. [279] _Ibid._ [280] _Ibid._ CHAPTER IX CONCLUSIONS Dewey's interest as a philosopher centres, from first to last, upon knowledge and the knowing process. All that is vital in his ethical, social, and educational theories depends ultimately upon the special interpretation of the function of knowledge which constitutes his chief claim to philosophical distinction. Dewey's logical theory, as has been seen, was the natural and inevitable outcome of his demand for an empirical and 'psychological' description of thought as a 'transformatory' process working actual changes in reality. If in the beginning of his career he found the problem of the nature of knowledge all-important for his own interests, he came in the end to regard it as the problem of problems for all philosophers. There is no mistaking Dewey's conviction that the special interpretation of knowledge which he advocates opens the door to important advances in philosophical speculation, while it ends all discussion of those pseudo-problems which result from a false, epistemological formulation of the function of knowledge.