My greatest debt of thanks, however, is due to the spoken rather than the written word. Doctor Buechler, the Principal of Jews' College, London, has constantly assisted me with advice, directed me to sources of information, and let me draw plentifully from his own large stores of knowledge about Josephus; and Doctor Friedlaender, Sabato Morais Professor at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, has done me the brotherly service of reading my manuscript and making many valuable suggestions on it. To their generous help this book owes more than I can acknowledge. NORMAN BENTWICH. _Cairo, February, 1914_. CONTENTS I. THE JEWS AND THE ROMANS II. THE LIFE OF JOSEPHUS TO THE FALL OF JOTAPATA III. THE LIFE OF JOSEPHUS FROM THE TIME OF HIS SURRENDER IV. THE WORKS OF JOSEPHUS AND HIS RELATION TO HIS PREDECESSORS V. THE JEWISH WARS VI. JOSEPHUS AND THE BIBLE VII. JOSEPHUS AND POST-BIBLICAL JEWISH HISTORY VIII. THE APOLOGY FOR JUDAISM IX. CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ABBREVIATIONS USED IN REFERRING TO THE WORKS OF JOSEPHUS INDEX ILLUSTRATIONS BAS-RELIEF FROM THE ARCH OF TITUS AT ROME _Frontispiece_ COINS CURRENT IN PALESTINE (34 B.C.E. to 98 C.E.) RUINS OF AN ANCIENT SYNAGOGUE AT KAFR BIR'IM, UPPER GALILEE JOSEPHUS I THE JEWS AND THE ROMANS The life and works of Flavius Josephus are bound up with the struggle of the Jews against the Romans, and in order to appreciate them it is necessary to summarize the relations of the two peoples that led up to that struggle.