[Footnote I-8: Cf. the seeming duplication of names, Rymenhild, Reymyld etc.; Reynild, Ermenyld, etc., all of which may have come from an original Eormenhild (cf. OE. Leechdoms), the variants being due to metathesis as in OE. _yrnan_ : _rinnan_. Cf. also the explanation of Westernesse below, p. xx.] § 4. TOPOGRAPHY. The topography of the Horn story offers some difficult but interesting problems. In the northern version (H. C.) all is made relatively clear. The author of this version assigns the events to very definite places. Horn’s father is king of “_al Ingelond fram Humber norþ_.” He repels a Danish invasion on the east coast, and is slain by invaders from Ireland. Horn and his companions take refuge “_fer souþe in Inglond_.” Thence Horn goes in exile to Wales and later into Ireland. The Norman _trouvère_, also, clarifies matters somewhat by assigning definite names to two of the three kingdoms involved, Bretaigne and Westir (_Ki ore est Hirlonde lors westir fu apelee_, 2184, H). But both the Norman and the older English versions have consistently the perplexing name Sudenne (Sodenne); and the earlier English version has also the vague name Westernesse (Westnesse), leaving as a certain starting-point in our study of the topography only Yrlonde, also referred to as _westene lond_ (754 H). From internal evidence in King Horn we learn little that is definite about the situation of Suddenne. In drifting from Suddenne to Westernesse, Horn and his companions spend “_Al þe day and al þe niȝt, Til hit sprang dai liȝt_,” K. H. 122-3; and again we are told of the same voyage “_Dai hit is igon and oþer, Wiþute sail and roþer_,” 187-8. On the return voyage to Suddenne, _Biþinne daies fiue, þat schup gan ariue_, 1295-6. On hearing of Fikenhild’s second treachery Horn exclaims, “_Crist for his wundes fiue, To niȝt me þuder driue_,” 1423-4, and then, _Er þan horn hit wiste, To fore þe sunne vpriste, His schup stod vndur ture At Rymenhilde bure_, 1435-39. From all which we can only conclude that ideas of direction and distance are very vague in the mind of the English composer.