The fauna of Korea is considerable, and includes tigers and leopards in great numbers, bears, antelopes, at least seven species of deer, foxes, beavers, otters, badgers, tiger-cats, pigs, several species of marten, a sable (not of much value, however), and striped squirrels. Among birds there are black eagles, found even near Seoul, harriers, peregrines (largely used for hawking), pheasants, swans, geese, spectacled and common teal, mallards, mandarin ducks, turkey buzzards (very shy), white and pink ibis, sparrow-hawks, kestrels, imperial cranes, egrets, herons, curlews, night-jars, redshanks, buntings, magpies (common and blue), orioles, wood larks, thrushes, redstarts, crows, pigeons, doves, rooks, warblers, wagtails, cuckoos, halcyon and bright blue kingfishers, jays, snipes, nut-hatches, gray shrikes, pheasants, hawks, and kites. But until more careful observations have been made it is impossible to say which of the smaller birds actually breed in Korea, and which make it only a halting-place in their annual migrations. The denudation of the hills in the neighborhood of Seoul, the coasts, the treaty ports, and the main roads, is impressive, and helps to give a very unfavorable idea of the country. It is to the dead alone that the preservation of anything deserving the name of timber in much of southern Korea is owing. But in the mountains of the northern and eastern provinces, and specially among those which enclose the sources of the Tu-men, the Am-nok, the Tai-döng, and the Han, there are very considerable forests, on which up to this time the woodcutter has made little apparent impression, though a good deal of timber is annually rafted down these rivers. Among the indigenous trees are the _Abies excelsa_, _Abies microsperma_, _Pinus sinensis_, _Pinus pinea_, three species of oak, the lime, ash, birch, five species of maple, the _Acanthopanax ricinifolia_, _Rhus semipinnata_, _Elæagnus_, juniper, mountain ash, hazel, _Thuja Orientalis_ (?), willow, _Sophora Japonica_ (?), hornbeam, plum, peach, _Euonymus alatus_, etc. The flora is extensive and interesting, but, with the exception of the azalea and rhododendron, it lacks brilliancy of color. There are several varieties of showy clematis, and the _mille-fleur_ rose smothers even large trees, but the climber _par excellence_ of Korea is the _Ampelopsis Veitchii_. The economic plants are few, and, with the exception of the _Panax quinquefolia_ (ginseng), the wild roots of which are worth $15 per ounce, are of no commercial value.