L. Annaeus Seneca on BenefitsSeneca, Lucius Annaeus
Philosophy
L. Annaeus Seneca on Benefits
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus
Benevolence; Classical literature; Conduct of life; Essays
XXXIV. "What," say you, "can a man repay a benefit, though he does
nothing?" He has taken the first step, he has offered you a good thing
with good feeling, and, which is the characteristic of friendship, has
placed you both on the same footing. In the next place, a benefit is not
repaid in the same manner as a loan: you have no reason for expecting
me to offer you any payment; the account between us depends upon the
feelings alone. What I say will not appear difficult, although it may
not at first accord with your ideas, if you will do me the favour to
remember that there are more things than there are words to express
them. There is an enormous mass of things without names, which we do not
speak of under distinctive names of their own, but by the names of other
things transferred to them. We speak of our own foot, of the foot of a
couch, of a sail, or of a poem; we apply the word 'dog' to a hound, a
fish, and a star. Because we have not enough words to assign a separate
name to each thing, we borrow a name whenever we want one. Bravery is
the virtue which rightly despises danger, or the science of repelling,
sustaining, or inviting dangers: yet we call a brave man a gladiator,
and we use the same word for a good-for-nothing slave, who is led by
rashness to defy death. Economy is the science of avoiding unnecessary
expenditure, or the art of using one's income with moderation: yet we
call a man of mean and narrow mind, most economical, although there is
an immeasurable distance between moderation and meanness. These things
are naturally distinct, yet the poverty of our language compels us to
call both these men economical, just as he who views slight accidents
with rational contempt, and he who without reason runs into danger are
alike called brave. Thus a benefit is both a beneficent action, and also
is that which is bestowed by that action, such as money, a house, an
office in the state: there is but one name for them both, though their
force and power are widely different.
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