◆¹ It will therefore be apparent to every reader, that of the income of Great Britain at the close of the last century, Ability and Capital, as distinct from Labour, created a considerable part, though we need not determine what part. Accordingly, since the income of Great Britain, with a population of _ten millions_, was at that time about _a hundred and forty million pounds_, or _fourteen pounds_ per head,[37] it is evident that the Labour of a population of _ten millions_ was quite incapable, a hundred years ago, of producing by itself as much as _fourteen pounds_ per head.[38] I will, however, merely for the sake of argument, and of keeping a calculation I am about to make far within the limits which strict truth would warrant, make a preposterous concession to any possible objector. I will concede that Labour by itself produced the entire value in question, and that Ability, as distinct from Labour, had nothing at all to do with it. I will concede that the faculties which produced the machines of Arkwright, which had already turned steam into an infant Hercules of industry, and was pouring into this island the wealth of the farthest Indies, were faculties of the same order as those which were possessed by any waggoner who had driven the same waggon along the same ruts for a lifetime. And I will now proceed to the calculation I spoke of. I shall state it first, and establish its truth afterwards. [Sidenote ◆1 The whole income of Great Britain at that time was _a hundred and forty million pounds_, and the population _ten millions_. Hence, as will be shown in the next Book, we get an indication of the utmost that Labour alone can produce. Now, a population of _ten millions_ at present produces _three hundred and fifty millions_ annually.]