◆¹ It will be seen, from what has just been said, that a hundred years ago the utmost that Labour could produce in the most advanced country of Europe was _a hundred and forty million pounds_ annually for a population of _ten millions_, or—let me repeat—_fourteen pounds_ per head. The production per head is now _thirty-five pounds_; or, for each ten millions of population, _three hundred and fifty millions_. The point on which presently I shall insist at length is this: that if Labour is to be credited with producing the whole of the smaller sum, the entire difference between the smaller sum and the larger is to be credited to Ability operating on industry through Capital. That is to say, for every _three hundred and fifty millions_ of our present national income, Labour produces only _a hundred and forty millions_ whilst Ability and Capital produce _two hundred and ten_. But the fact may be put yet more clearly than this. Of our present national income of _thirteen hundred millions_, Labour produces about _five hundred_, whilst Ability and Capital produce about _eight hundred_. It could indeed be shown, as I just now indicated, that Labour in reality produces less than this, and Ability and Capital more; but for argument’s sake we will let the calculation stand thus, in order that Labour shall be at all events credited with not less than its due. [Sidenote ◆1 And it will accordingly be shown in the next Book that the whole of this increment is produced by Ability, and not by Labour.]