It is essential to realize the practical difficulties in the way of the workers getting the higher wages which all would like to see them receive. There was a Census of Production in 1907 which included all the manufacturing industries and mining, and covered half the wage-earners in the United Kingdom. It ascertained the “net output” for each industry for the year by estimating the selling value of the gross product, and subtracting therefrom expenditure on raw materials, including the product of other industries which were further worked up, and fuel and some other items. The net output thus obtained is obviously for each industry the only fund from which first, wages, salaries, interest on capital, rent, royalties and profits are, or can be, paid, and secondly, taxes, rates, depreciation, advertisement and sales expenses. Professor Bowley, in his _The Division of the Product of Industry_, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1919, takes the total net output of £712,000,000 for the industries covered by the Census of 1907, and works out how much of it should be allocated against the first set of items. I set out below in tabular form his results (pp. 37 and 52): £. Per cent. Wages 344,000,000 58 Salaries under £160 24,000,000 4 Salaries over £160 36,000,000 6 Interest on Capital at 4 per cent. and rent 48,000,000 8 Royalties 7,000,000 1 PROFITS 133,000,000 23 ------------ --- £592,000,000 100 ------------ ---