There is just one word of warning necessary. According to Marx, the workman receives from the employer the exchange value of his labour-force or power on handing over to the employer its use-value. Marx maintained, and unfortunately in the past there has been much to add force to his contention, that Labour in return received a wage no more than equal to “bare subsistence” or “bare cost of production of labour-power.” In many cases the past level of wages cannot be defended, and it would be foolish to try and vindicate it. But this much can be said, real wages have risen very considerably since Marx’s day, and without any overthrow of the industrial system. Such a result is absolutely in contradiction of his prophecy, and at variance with his doctrine. It strongly suggests the wisdom of constructive evolution as opposed to destructive revolution. The Need of Sympathy in Workshop Life The power of these economic fallacies is enormously reinforced by the injustice and want of sympathy that too often surrounds the industrial relationship between employers and employed. That atmosphere is due to old-fashioned employers holding fast to crude individualistic notions of industry, to the idea that a workman is the animated machine—ἔμψυχον ὄργανον—of the Greek philosophers—an “economic unit” without soul, sensibility, ideals or aspirations, who still labour under the discredited obsession that justice and sympathy are incompatible with discipline and the firm handling of labour. Of course, justice and sympathy can have no place in a creed where labour is merely one of a number of troublesome items of the cost of production. Neither is shown, neither is expected. That type of employer has never recognized that capital, brains and manual labour fill separate and distinct rôles in industry. He looks upon himself as the all-dominant personality and Labour as his feudal and dependent hireling.