As regards the second element, viz. the wider knowledge of social conditions, foundations are being laid by voluntary effort. In all the big industrial areas a growing measure of interest is being taken in social conditions. The pre-war voluntary associations are realizing their inevitable connection with the Government Departments and local authorities. Councils, representative of local authorities and voluntary associations, have been formed, based, not on the Victorian ideal of the Lady Bountiful, but on the juster, saner ideal of a common citizenship owing service to the community. Practical steps are being taken to reduce the chaos and overlapping in effort and money: in one place a survey of local conditions; in another a handbook of information on the local provision; in yet another a system of mutual registration of assistance and relief, and finally, an investigation into the total sums spent out of public funds in social services. Underlying it all is the personal service rendered by social workers, as welfare workers, Guilds of Help, prohibition officers, infant welfare workers, etc. Out of experience has come the understanding that two types of co-operation are needed: first, the co-operation of experts in co-ordinating questions of policy; secondly, the co-operation of individual citizens in solving the problems of the individual in trouble. From a wide experience of industrial unrest there is a firm conviction that the hard cases, the unintentional injustices, the administrative difficulties, summed up by the phrase “red tape,” are a more fruitful source of trouble than the larger grievances. This advocacy of personal service in many fields and in differing degrees is not the vapouring of a social visionary, but is an expression of the genius of our race. Every reform, every method of social advance, has owed its existence to the enthusiasm of volunteers trying a new idea, finding it work successfully, and then convincing others that it should apply throughout the country. It is not muddling through, but the onward march of individual freedom, which includes a freedom to combine and a freedom to persuade and convince others that a new way is the right way. The Teutonic method of social improvement by compulsion, not for its own sake, but for military purposes, influenced English thought for a generation. The result is seen in a development of the State far beyond the capacity or desires of our people. The remedy is to be found, not in a further treatment of homœopathic doses of the same medicine, but by relying upon the natural, healthy development of the national spirit through and in the individual.