The Second International may accordingly be now regarded as re-established, if not re-created, and the interesting speculation is the extent to which it will secure the allegiance of Socialist parties throughout the world as against the appeals of the Third International or Moscow “Red” International. This latter deserves a short description. In January 1919, just before the meeting of the Berne Conference, and shortly after the Peace Conference at Paris had commenced, a wireless invitation to the first Communist International Congress at Moscow was sent out in the name of the Russian Communist Party, which was the name adopted by the Russian Bolsheviks or Majority Social Democrats after the Revolution of 1917. The Bolsheviks desired to distinguish themselves clearly from Socialist or “social democratic” parties which, in various belligerent countries, had supported their respective Governments. They took the name from the Communist League for which Marx and Engels drew up the famous Communist manifesto which they were commissioned to draw up in November 1847, at the Congress of Communists in London. Lenin, in his book, the _State and Revolution_, draws special attention to the term “communist” as being more scientifically correct than the term “social democrat” and endeavours to prove his point by quotations from the manifesto. Following the lead of Moscow the various revolutionary Socialist parties throughout the world have discarded their Socialist appellations and called themselves Communists. One ought, therefore, to realize that the term “Communism” has now taken on a new and different meaning from its earlier significance. To-day Communism means the principles of Marxian revolutionary Socialism and a scheme of social and industrial organization constructed on those principles which are peculiar to the Bolshevik regime in Soviet Russia. In his admirable little book, the _Two Internationals_, which deals with the complex subject most clearly and with very full documentation, Mr. R. Palme Dutt very properly says that “care must be taken to distinguish this sense of Communism from the sense in which it has been more generally used in this country, namely, (1) the Communist Anarchism of Kropotkin, (2) the conception of the abolition of all personal property, (3) decentralization under a system of loosely associated local communes. Communism corresponds rather to what is often referred to as ‘scientific socialism,’ only with a special emphasis on its revolutionary aspect.”