5. Now no more brushwood is to be seen. The white _Salix lanata_ is not above two feet high, even about the rivulets, and _Salix myrsinites_ is of still more humble growth. _Betula nana_ occupies the drier situations, but creeps entirely upon the ground. The hills are clothed with the rather brown than green _Azalea procumbens_ and _Azalea lapponica_, which give this zone its most peculiar feature. Verdant spots between the precipices, where the sun has the greatest power, produce _Lychnis apetala_, _Erigeron uniflorum_, _Astragalus leontinus_[17] and _montanus_, with _Ophrys alpina_. In boggy places _Aira alpina_, _Carex ustulata_, and _Vaccinium uliginosum_ are observable. The only berries however which ripen at this degree of elevation, are those of _Empetrum nigrum_; but these are twice as large as what grow in the woodlands, and better flavoured. The upper boundary of this zone is 800 feet below the line of perpetual snow. The Laplanders scarcely ever fix their tents higher up, as the pasture for their reindeer ceases a very little way above this point. The mean temperature is about +1° of Celsius (34 of Fahrenheit). 6. Next come the snowy alps, where are patches of snow that never melt. The bare places between still produce a few dark shrubby plants, such as _Empetrum nigrum_, but destitute of berries, _Andromeda tetragona_ and _hypnoides_, as well as _Diapensia lapponica_. Green precipices exposed to the sun are decorated with the vivid azure tints of _Gentiana tenella_ and _nivalis_, and _Campanula uniflora_, accompanied by the yellow _Draba alpina_. Colder and marshy situations, where there is no reflected heat, produce _Pedicularis hirsuta_ and _flammea_, with _Dryas octopetala_. This zone extends to 200 feet below the limits of perpetual and almost uninterrupted snow. 7. Beyond it perpetual snow begins to cover the greatest part of the ground, and we soon arrive at a point where only a few dark spots are here and there to be seen. This takes place on the Alps of Quickjock at the elevation of 4100 feet above the sea; but nearer the highest ridge, and particularly on the Norway side of that ridge, at 3100 feet. Some few plants, with succulent leaves, are thinly scattered over the spongy brown surface of the ground, where the reflected heat is strongest, quite up to the line of uninterrupted snow. These are _Saxifraga stellaris_, _rivularis_ and _oppositifolia_, _Ranunculus nivalis_ and _glacialis_, _Rumex digynus_, _Juncus curvatus_[18] and _Silene acaulis_. The mean temperature at the boundary of perpetual snow is +0,°4 of Celsius, (32-3/4 of Fahrenheit).