LANDMARKS IN FRENCH LITERATURE by LYTTON STRACHEY London, 1912 CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I ORIGINS--THE MIDDLE AGES 7 II THE RENAISSANCE 20 III THE AGE OF TRANSITION 31 IV THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV 45 V THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 94 VI THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT 142 VII THE AGE OF CRITICISM 166 CONCLUSION 174 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF AUTHORS AND THEIR PRINCIPAL WORKS 177 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 183 INDEX 185 TO J.M.S. CHAPTER I ORIGINS--THE MIDDLE AGES When the French nation gradually came into existence among the ruins of the Roman civilization in Gaul, a new language was at the same time slowly evolved. This language, in spite of the complex influences which went to the making of the nationality of France, was of a simple origin. With a very few exceptions, every word in the French vocabulary comes straight from the Latin. The influence of the pre-Roman Celts is almost imperceptible; while the number of words introduced by the Frankish conquerors amounts to no more than a few hundreds. Thus the French tongue presents a curious contrast to that of England. With us, the Saxon invaders obliterated nearly every trace of the Roman occupation; but though their language triumphed at first, it was eventually affected in the profoundest way by Latin influences; and the result has been that English literature bears in all its phases the imprint of a double origin. French literature, on the other hand, is absolutely homogeneous. How far this is an advantage or the reverse it would be difficult to say; but the important fact for the English reader to notice is that this great difference does exist between the French language and his own. The complex origin of the English tongue has enabled English writers to obtain those effects of diversity, of contrast, of imaginative strangeness, which have played such a dominating part in our literature. The genius of the French language, descended from its single Latin stock, has triumphed most in the contrary direction--in simplicity, in unity, in clarity, and in restraint.