NATURAL PHILOSOPHY 70 Time and Space 70 Cosmogony, Physics, and Chemistry 82 The Organic World 94 The Organic World (conclusion) 107 CHAPTER VI MORAL AND LAW 116 Eternal Truths 116 Equality 130 Freedom and Necessity 146 CHAPTER VII THE DIALECTIC 150 Quantity 150 Negation of the Negation 159 Conclusion 175 PART II CHAPTER VIII POLITICAL ECONOMY 176 I. Objects and Methods 176 II. The Force Theory 184 III. Force Theory (continued) 193 IV. Force Theory (conclusion) 203 V. Theory of Value 214 VI. Simple and Compound Labor 219 VII. Capital and Surplus Value 223 VIII. Capital and Surplus Value (conclusion) 227 IX. Natural Economic Laws--Ground Rent 232 X. With Respect to the "Critical History" 235 PART III CHAPTER IX SOCIALISM 236 Production 236 Distribution 245 The State, The Family, and Education 256 APPENDIX 261 LANDMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM CHAPTER I TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION When Dr. Eugene Duehring, privat docent at Berlin University, in 1875, proclaimed the fact that he had become converted to Socialism, he was not content to take the socialist movement as he found it, but set out forthwith to promulgate a theory of his own. His was a most elaborate and self-conscious mission. He stood forth as the propagandist not only of certain specific and peculiar views of socialism but as the originator of a new philosophy, and the propounder of strange and wonderful theories with regard to the universe in general. The taunt as to his all-comprehensiveness of intellect, with which Engels pursues him somewhat too closely and much too bitterly, could not have affected Herr Duehring very greatly. He had his own convictions with respect to that comprehensive intellect of his and few will be found to deny that he had the courage of his convictions.