Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, Parts I and II: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Volume 27 Number 3, Publication 1948, 1911Langley, S. P. (Samuel Pierpont)
History
Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, Parts I and II: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Volume 27 Number 3, Publication 1948, 1911
Langley, S. P. (Samuel Pierpont)
Aeronautics; Flight
Aerodrome No. 6, equipped with “single-tier” wings and Pénaud tail,
was launched from the “underneath” launching apparatus. There was a
dead calm, the river not showing a ripple; the wind vane pointed to
the northeast, but as the tide was low and the boat was aground, the
launching track was pointing due south. At 7 a. m. the burners were
lighted, and 80 seconds were consumed in raising a steam pressure of
120 pounds. Everything worked perfectly; the uprights on the car,
which initially support the aerodrome and upon its being released
are instantaneously pulled down by rubber springs, as well as the
disappearing part of the track, acted without the slightest hitch.
Immediately upon leaving the launching apparatus, the aerodrome
depressed its bow to an angle of between 3 and 4 degrees and made
a direct line for the water. At this angle it struck just on the
opposite side of the channel, about 300 feet from the house-boat, and
while several minor parts, such as guy-posts, were injured no damage
of importance was done. Owing to the difficulty of getting through
the marsh and recovering Aerodrome No. 6, it was found impossible
to make another trial with No. 5 before the wind had increased to a
prohibitive velocity. The path of this flight is shown by the dotted
line in Plate 36. The data on setting of wings, tail, etc., are given
on Data Sheet No. 9.
The last previous trial of Aerodrome No. 6 was made on June 23, and
the balancing at that time was evidently correct for the settings of
the tail which were then used. The Pénaud tail then had an elevation
of 7-1/2 degrees, and the coefficient of elasticity was such that
1240 grammes were required at the center of the tail to deflect it
to the horizontal. In the trial above recorded, on July 28, the
adjustments of the wings were practically what they were on June 23,
the ‹CG› being moved forward 1 centimetre, but the Pénaud tail had
an elevation of something less than 5 degrees, and the coefficient
of elasticity was such that [p147] 200 grammes placed at the
center were required to deflect the tail to a horizontal. It was
not intended that the angle of the tail should have been less than
5 degrees, but it was found that one of the workmen had improperly
attached the fastening wire, and had considerably decreased the
angle. This last adjustment of the Pénaud tail should have been the
same as that used on Aerodrome No. 5 in its flight of July 19. The
‹CG› had purposely been moved forward slightly, but the effect of
moving the ‹CG› forward and at the same time decreasing the stiffness
and angle of the tail was shown by this flight.
The above trial not only very clearly emphasizes the importance of
carefully determining what the elasticity of the Pénaud tail should
be, but also emphasizes the fact that even the best workmen, who have
had several years of experience, cannot be relied on in anything
which requires that everything be done ‹exactly right› and not
‹nearly right›.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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