The usual method of employing the twisted rubber was to use a number of fine strands formed into a hank looped at each end. One of these hanks, consisting of 162 single or 81 double strands of rubber, and weighing 73 grammes, when given 51 turns developed 55 foot-pounds of work, which was put out in 4 seconds. This corresponds to 0.01 horse-power per minute for one pound of rubber. [p023] The results of a large number of tests show that one pound of twisted rubber can put forth from 450 to 500 or more foot-pounds of work, but at the cost of an overstrain, and that a safe working factor can hardly be taken at higher than 300 foot-pounds, if we are to avoid the “fatigue” of the rubber, which otherwise becomes as marked as that of a human muscle. While twisting is an exceedingly convenient form of application of the resilience of rubber to the turning of propelling wheels, the direct stretch is, as has been remarked, much more efficient in foot-pounds of energy developed by the same weight of rubber. It was found that rubber could not, without undue “fatigue,” be stretched to more than four and a half times its original length, though experiments were made to determine the amount of work that a rubber band, weighing one pound, was capable of doing, the stretching being carried to seven times its original length. The results varied with the rubber used and the conditions of temperature under which the experiments were tried, ranging from 1543 foot-pounds to 2600 foot-pounds. The tests led to the conclusion that, for average working, one pound of rubber so stretched, is capable of doing 2000 foot-pounds of work, but, owing to the weight of the supporting frame and of the mechanism, this result can be obtained only under conditions impracticable for a flying machine. In the more practicable twisted form it furnishes, as has been said, less than a fifth of that amount. The conclusions reached from these experiments are: 1. The length of the unstretched rubber remaining the same, the sustaining power will be directly proportional to the weight of rubber; 2. With a given weight of rubber, the end strain is inversely proportional to the length of the unstretched rubber; 3. With a given weight of rubber, the work done is constant, whatever the form; hence if we let ‹w› = the work in foot-pounds, ‹g› = the weight of the rubber in pounds, and ‹k› = a constant taken at 2000 as given above, we have ‹w› = ‹kg› = 2000 ‹g› foot-pounds. This is for an extension of seven units of length, so that for a unit of extension we would have approximately ‹w› = 300 ‹g› foot-pounds which for four units of extension corresponds very closely to the 1300 foot-pounds which Pénaud claims to have obtained. 4. The end strain varies with the cross-section for a given unit of extension.