LATIN AMERICA: ITS RISE AND PROGRESS BY F. GARCIA CALDERON WITH A PREFACE BY RAYMOND POINCARÉ _Of the French Academy, President of the French Republic_ TRANSLATED BY BERNARD MIALL WITH A MAP AND 34 ILLUSTRATIONS NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 597-599 FIFTH AVENUE 1915 [_All rights reserved_] TO MONSIEUR ÉMILE BOUTROUX (_of the Institute of France_) Permit me to offer you this book as a mark of admiration and gratitude. Often of an evening, in the sober hour of twilight, hearing you comment upon a page of Plato or a line of Goethe, or explain to me with unfailing geniality and marvellous lucidity the troubles of the present day, I have gained a fuller understanding of the magnificent radiance of the French genius; and always, on leaving you, I have found pleasure in repeating the thought of Emerson, of the Emerson whom you love, concerning the utility of great men: "They make the earth wholesome. They who lived with them found life glad and nutritious." F. G. C. PARIS, _November_, 1911. {9} PREFACE Here is a book that should be read and digested by every one interested in the future of the Latin genius. It is written by a young Peruvian diplomatist. It is full of life and of thought. History, politics, economic and social science, literature, philosophy--M. Calderon is familiar with all and touches upon all with competence and without pedantry. The entire evolution of the South American republics is comprised in the volume which he now submits to the European public. M. Calderon, a pupil in the school of the best modern historians, seeks in the past the laws of the future development of the Latin republics. By means of a scholarly and painstaking analysis, he shows us, in the South American Creole, a Spaniard of the heroic age, slowly transformed by miscegenation and the influence of climate; he sees in him, modified by time and enfeebled by cross-breeding, the most ancient characteristics of the Iberian race; and he expounds, in a few pages, the heroic epoch in which the individualism of Spain broke out into the audacious adventure of the conquistadores and the savage mysticism of the Inquisitors.