The pig lead produced from these ores is therefore very pure, soft and uniform in quality, so that the term “soft Missouri lead” has become a synonym for excellence in the manufacture of lead alloys and products, such as litharge, red and white lead, and orange mineral. Its freedom from bismuth, which is generally present in Colorado lead, makes it particularly suitable for white lead; also for glass-maker’s litharge and red lead. These oxides, for use in making crystal glass, must be made by double refining so as to remove even the small quantities of silver and copper that are present. The resulting product, made from soft Missouri lead, is far superior to any refined lead produced anywhere in this country or in Europe, even excelling the famous Tarnowitz lead. It gives a luster and clarity to the glass that no other lead will produce. Lead from southeastern Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin yields identical results, but the refining is more difficult, not only because the lead contains a little more silver and copper, but also because it contains more antimony. The valuation of the lead concentrate produced in the Joplin district is based upon a wet assay, usually the molybdate or ferrocyanide method. The price paid is determined variously. One buyer pays a fixed price for average ore, making no deductions; as, for example, at present rates, $32.25 per 1000 lb. whether the ore assays 75 or 84 per cent. Pb, pig lead being worth $4.75 at St. Louis.[6] Another pays $32.25 for 80 per cent. ore, or over, deducting 50c. per unit for ores assaying under 80 per cent. Another pays for 90 per cent. of the lead content of the ore as shown by the assay, at the St. Louis price of pig lead, less a smelting charge of, say, $6 to $8 per ton of ore. The history of the development of lead ore buying in the Joplin district is rather curious. In the early days of the district the ore was smelted wholly on Scotch hearths, which, with the purest ores, would yield 70 per cent. metallic lead. No account was taken of the lead in the rich slag, chemical determinations being something unknown in the district at that time; it being supposed generally that pure galena contained 700 lb. lead to the 1000 lb. of ore, the value of 700 lb. lead, less $4.50 per 1000 lb. of ore for freight and smelting costs, was returned to the miner. The buyers graded the ore, according to their judgment, by its appearance, as to its purity and also as to its behavior in smelting; an ore, for example, from near the surface, imbedded in the clay and coated more or less with sulphate, yielded its metal more freely than the purer galenas from deeper workings. This was the origin of the present method of buying—a system that would hardly be tolerated except for the fact that the lead is, as previously stated, considered a by-product of zinc mining.