Lecture on Artificial Flight: Given by request at the Academy of Natural Sciences — John Shaqi
Lecture on Artificial Flight: Given by request at the Academy of Natural SciencesKrueger, William G.
History
Lecture on Artificial Flight: Given by request at the Academy of Natural Sciences
Krueger, William G.
Aeronautics
When it was found that no marked improvements could be made in balloons,
the more advanced thinkers, turning their attention in an opposite
direction, commenced to justly regard the winged being as the true model
for flying machines; and experiments are now being made, in different
parts of the world, of which all go to prove that "_flight is far more a
question of mechanical adaptation, construction and manipulation, than
of enormous power_," which, of course, in any experiment, must prove
unavailable, if improperly applied. Some of the motive engines, lately
exhibited in England, produced such remarkable power as certainly no
bird possesses. One of four-horse power weighed 40 pounds, and occupied
but a few cubic feet; another of 13 pounds exerted over one-horse power;
and, at some experiments in France last year, a steam engine of two and
a half horse power weighed 80 [lb]s.; and, being applied to a machine
with two vertical screw propellers of 12 ft. diameter each, it raised
120 [lb]s. of the whole weight of 160 [lb]s.
But, as far as known, these different motive powers have been employed
so far only to elevate and propel machines by vertical fan-like
contrivances--helicopterics or by æroplanes, pushed forward and upward
by screw propellers; either quite as irrational as ballooning, because
the rigid plane, wedged forward and upward at a given angle, in a
straight line, or in a circle, does not embody the principles carried
out in nature. Hence, the several advocates of the æroplane and
helicopteric have met with but indifferent success.
Perhaps the best representative model of a flying machine on the
principles of inclined planes, was that of Mr. Stringfellow, exhibited
in London, in 1868, and which occasionally could rise. It had three
æroplanes, superimposed as advocated by Wenham, the frames of which were
made of light wood, with cloth drawn over it tightly, like rigid kites,
fixed parallel one above the other, with a tail attached to the middle
one. It had a small box underneath for the motive power, and a light
screw propeller behind for pushing it forward. By giving the machine an
upward angle, the planes strike continually upon new layers of air, and
so cause a rise, like a kite pushed from behind. The whole structure had
about thirty-six square feet of surface, and weighed, including the
steam engine, which exerted nearly one-half horse power, under 12
pounds. It proved conclusively that, while the inclined plane, in a
practical and different form, is necessary for ærostation, the secret of
solving the problem lays far more in the mechanical application of
certain laws governing the art of flight, than in enormous power.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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