Produced by Jana Srna and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) [ Transcriber's Note: Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation; changes (corrections of spelling and punctuation) made to the original text are listed at the end of this file. ] IVAN PANIN. LECTURES ON RUSSIAN LITERATURE: PUSHKIN, GOGOL, TURGENEF, TOLSTOY. NEW YORK & LONDON: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, The Knickerbocker Press. 1889. Copyright, 1889, By Ivan Panin. TO MIRIAM PREFACE. The translations given in this volume, with the exception of the storm-scene from Tolstoy in the First Lecture, are my own. The reader will please bear in mind that these Lectures, printed here exactly as delivered, were written with a view to addressing the ear as well as the eye, otherwise the book would have been entirely different from what it now is. When delivering the Sixth Lecture, I read extracts from Tolstoy's "My Religion" and "What to Do," illustrating every position of his I there commend; but for reasons it is needless to state, I omit them in the book. I can only hope that the reader will all the more readily go to the books themselves. I. P. Grafton, Mass., 1 July, 1889. CONTENTS. LECTURE PAGE I. Introductory 1 II. Pushkin 44 III. Gogol 76 IV. Turgenef 115 V. Tolstoy the Artist 154 VI. Tolstoy the Preacher 190 LECTURE I. INTRODUCTORY.