These pristine oratories are surrounded by the cells and the graves of their founders and occupants, the latter inscribed with the cross. I give, from Mr. Petrie, a sketch of the oratory of St. Gallerus (Fig. 194), which he describes as, externally, 23 feet long by 10 feet broad, and 16 feet high to the external apex. It has a small doorway in the west end, and is lighted by a single window in the east end, which east gable was finished by a cross. Of very similar construction are several in Scotland and the Western Isles. Of these I have been enabled to give some illustrations, which are, in one respect, more complete than Mr. Petrie’s drawings, inasmuch as they are furnished with plans (Figs. 195, 196, 197). [Illustration: Fig. 195.--Elevation of south side, and Plan of Teampull Sula Sgeir, Scotland.] [Illustration: Fig. 196.--Interior, west end, and Plan of Teampull Rona, Scotland.] [Illustration: Fig. 197.--Teampull Beaunachadh, Scotland. The Chapel of St. Flann, in the Flannan Isles. East end. West end.] “The early Irish churches are of two very simple types, being either oblong (Fig. 198), with a door at the west, and a window at the east end,--a mere development, with upright walls, of the oratories just described,--or a double oblong, forming a nave and chancel, and united by a chancel arch.... The one doorway is always west, and one of the windows to the east, though side windows are also introduced, all apparently without glass; the doorway usually square-headed, the windows round-arched, or triangular-headed.” “In all cases the sides of doorways and windows incline, like the doorways in the oldest remains of Cyclopean buildings, to which they bear a singularly striking resemblance.” “In the smaller churches the roofs were frequently formed of stone, but in the larger ones were always of wood.” [Illustration: Fig. 198.--Teampull Caeunanach, Ireland.]