Manes is said to have been flayed alive, by Behram, king of Persia, in the year 277 and his skin was afterwards stuffed with straw, much as modern taxidermists stuff the skins of wild animals, and in this shape it was posted at one of the gates of Djondischaour.[108] In the sixth century Chosroes punished Nacoragan, one of his generals by flaying him alive, on account of his cowardice and his skin, when torn backward off his body, from his head to his heels, retained the form of the limbs, from which it had been stripped, and in this manner, it was sown up and inflated and exposed on a high projection, as a terrible example to other soldiers, of the punishment they would be subjected to if also guilty of cowardice in the discharge of their duty as soldiers.[109] Flaying is of rare appearance in Europe, but one or two cases are recorded. Philip the Fair is said to have inflicted such punishment upon the lovers of his sister-in-law, in 1314, and Pope John XXII., after the conviction of Hugues Geraldi, Bishop of Cahors, in 1317, for sorcery, handed him over to the Judge of Avignon, who caused him to be flayed alive and then torn asunder by four horses, after which his remains were burnt.[110] _The Wheel_ was used as a method of punishment in France and England and other countries, during the middle ages and down to a comparatively recent period. St. Catherine, of Alexandria is said to have been put to death on a wheel, with jagged edges or spikes, which tore and cut her tender limbs, after the fashion of a modern chaff-cutter. According to the report of her case, the wheel was shattered, during the torture, by Divine Grace, hence the embroidered tunic worn by the Knights of Mount Sinai, a religious order, instituted in her honour, in 1063, representing a broken wheel, with spikes.[111] Bouchard, who was implicated in the murder of Charles le Bon, Count of Flanders, in the twelfth century, was bound to a wheel suspended in mid-air, so that the vultures could pluck out his eyes and otherwise torture him. After his eyes were torn from their sockets and his face slit and torn by the sharp beaks of the birds of prey, he was finally put out of his misery, by darts and javelins, shot into his quivering body, by the blood-thirsty mob below.[112] _Scourging with thorns_, was another form of punishment inflicted upon the peoples of other tribes, by the good old Jewish patriarchs. Gideon threatened that when the Lord of Israel should deliver Zebah and Zalmunna into his hands that he would tear their flesh with the thorns of the wilderness and with briars.[113] And according to the Divine word, when the men of Succoth were delivered into his hand he took the elders of the city and with briars and thorns, he scourged them.[114]