In France, death by drowning was inflicted upon the incontinent, as late as the sixteenth century and it was revived again during the revolution by the infamous Carrier, at Nantes, in the eighteenth century. Ninety priests were loaded into the _gabare_ and sunk in the river Seine. Then a hundred and thirty-eight persons were similarly drowned, but the _gabare_ was soon done away with and men, women and children were stripped naked and thrown into the river, in broad daylight and not even under the cover of darkness. They were tied together, feet and feet and hands and hands, and in their hideous death struggles they churned the water, for the edification of the cruel crowd, until the last poor struggler had sunk to his final rest. (See article by W. H. Davenport Adams, “Pains and Penalties,” in The Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 46, p. 362.) [12] Herbert’s Antiquities (1804), 154; Ex. vet. cod. M. S. pene’s Rog. Twysden bar. p. 108. [13] Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 46, p. 501. [14] Archibald’s Stewart’s “Wigtoun Martyrs.” [15] Daniel, VI., 16. [16] Josephus, Ant. VIII., IX., 1. [17] 2 Samuel, IV., 12. [18] Rawlinson’s Anc. Mon. i, 477; Layard’s Ninevah and Babylon, 295 note. [19] Herodotus, iii, 159; Josephus, Ant. VI., XIV., 8. [20] Beccaria’s “Crimes and Punishments.” [21] 2 Chronicles, XXV., 12. [22] 1 Chronicles, XX., 3. [23] Exodus, XIX., 13. [24] Exodus, XXXII., 27. [25] 1 Samuel, XV., 33. [26] Hasting’s Dict. Bible, vol. I., p. 527. [27] 1 Kings, XX., 31. [28] Rawlinson’s Ancient Monarchies, iii, 246. Hanging was ordained by the Laws of Ina, in England, twelve hundred years ago. (Herbert’s Antiquities, p. 153.) Until 1783 Tyburn Tree, at the west end of Oxford Road (now street), was the usual place for execution of felons by hanging, in England. [29] Josephus, Ant. XVII., X., 9. [30] _Idem._, XX., V., 2. [31] John, XIX. [32] Matthew, XVI., 24; Mark, VIII., 14; Luke, IX., 23. All authorities agree that of all deaths crucifixion was the most abhorrent, not only because of the pain resulting, but also because of the shame of such a death. Cicero, in his Oration against Varres, declared that it was impossible to find a fit word to describe such an outrage as the crucifixion of a Roman citizen, yet the gentle Galilean suffered this horrible death, with perfect resignation. [33] Cedrenus, Hist. Comp. p. 148, 259. [34] Dions, iii. 67: Zonaras, vii, 8. [35] Dions, ix, 40; Smith’s Dict. Gr. & Rom. Ant. By a beneficent law, the poor lady’s paramour was simply scourged to death, for his complicity in her awful crime. [36] Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 46, p. 366. [37] _Ante idem._ [38] _Idem._, p. 367. [39] Fleta, p. 54; II. Pollock and Maitland’s History English Law, p. 556. [40] Rawlinson’s _Anc. Mon._; Niebuhr, ii, 313. [41] Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 46, p. 368. [42] _Ante idem._ [43] Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 46, p. 496. [44] _Ante idem._, p. 368. [45] Green’s History of England.