_THE THEOSOPHY OF ISLAM._ LETTERS FROM A SÛFÎ TEACHER _SHAIKH SHARFUDDÎN MANERÎ_ OR _MAKHDÛM-UL-MULK_. TRANSLATED FROM THE PERSIAN BY BAIJNÂTH SINGH THEOSOPHICAL PUBLISHING SOCIETY. BENARES CITY AND LONDON THEOSOPHIST OFFICE, AYDAR; MADRAS, S. PRINTED BY THAKUR DAS MANAGER, AT THE TARA PRINTING WORKS, BENARES. _All Rights Reserved._ Registered under Act XXV of 1867. _FOREWORD._ =Shaikh Sharf-ud-dîn= was the son of =Shaikh Yahiâ=. His birthplace is =Maner=, a village near =Patnâ= in =Behâr= (India). A love of knowledge and the religious life, and signs of spiritual greatness, were found in him from his early childhood. A strange Being was once seen by the cradle of the baby. The mother, frightened, reported the matter to her father, =Shahâb-ud-dîn=, a great saint. The latter consoled her, saying that the mysterious Presence was no less a Being than the Prophet =Khezar=[1] Himself, and that the baby was expected to be a man of great spiritual advancement. He acquired secular knowledge under =Ashraf-ud-dîn=, a famous professor of those days. He first refused to marry, but had to yield when, being ill, he was advised by the physician to take to marriage as the remedy for his disease. He left home after the birth of a son, travelled in many places, and was at last initiated (at, or near =Dehli=) by =Najîb-ud-dîn Firdausî=. The latter made him his deputy on earth under a deed drawn twelve years earlier under the direction of the Prophet of =Islâm= Himself, asked him to leave the place, and quitted his body shortly after. [1] A mysterious Personage, according to some, a Prophet; according to others, a _Walî_ or 'Friend of God'. He is supposed to be an Immortal Being, an invisible Teacher and Helper of Mankind. Moses was sent by God to seek His instruction. '_Khezar_' literally means 'green', a metaphorical expression for auspiciousness, blessedness, wholesomeness and fertility. On his initiation, =Sharf-ud-dîn= lived for many a long year in the woods of =Bihiâ= and the =Râjgiri= Hills. In his later days he adopted =Bihâr= (now a subdivisional town) as his residence, at the request of some of his friends and disciples. He died on Thursday, the 6th of Shawwâl, 782 Hijra, in the opening years of the 15th Century A. D. His titular name is =Makhdûm-ul-Mulk=, 'Master of the Kingdom or the World.' He was equally proficient in secular learning and esoteric Knowledge, and possessed superhuman powers. His tomb at =Bihâr= is still resorted to as a place of sanctity by a large number of devout Mahomedans. He wrote many works, of which three only have yet been published. These are:-- (1.) _Maktûbât-i-Sadî_, a 'Series of a Hundred Letters' (or rather essays on definite subjects) addressed to his disciple =Qâzî Shams-ud-dîn= in 747 Hijra. (2.) _Maktûbât-i-Bist-o-hasht_, a 'Series of 28 Letters', being replies to the correspondence of his senior disciple, =Mozaffar=, the prince of =Balkh=.