LIBERTY IN THE MODERN STATE _By HAROLD J. LASKI_ _Professor of Political Science in the University of London_ 1930 PUBLISHERS _HARPER & BROTHERS_ NEW YORK AND LONDON LIBERTY IN THE MODERN STATE _Copyright, 1930, by Harold J. Laski. Printed in the United States._ FIRST EDITION TO FRIDA AND DIANA _CONTENTS_ I. THE NATURE OF LIBERTY 1 II. FREEDOM OF THE MIND 80 III. LIBERTY AND SOCIAL POWER 195 IV. THE OUTLOOK FOR LIBERTY 279 LIBERTY IN THE MODERN STATE CHAPTER I THE NATURE OF LIBERTY I I mean by liberty the absence of restraint upon the existence of those social conditions which, in modern civilization, are the necessary guarantees of individual happiness. I seek to inquire into the terms upon which it is attainable in the Western world, and, more especially, to find those rules of conduct to which political authority must conform if its subjects are, in a genuine sense, to be free. Already, therefore, I am maintaining a thesis. I am arguing, first, that liberty is essentially an absence of restraint. It implies power to expand, the choice by the individual of his own way of life without imposed prohibitions from without. Men cannot, as Rousseau claimed, be forced into freedom. They do not, as Hegel insisted, find their liberty in obedience to the law. They are free when the rules under which they live leave them without a sense of frustration in realms they deem significant. They are unfree whenever the rules to which they have to conform compel them to conduct which they dislike and resent. I do not deny that there are types of conduct against which prohibitions are desirable: I ought, for instance, to be compelled, even against my wish, to educate my children. But I am arguing that any rule which demands from me something I would not otherwise give is a diminution of my freedom.