Müller[696] has described under the name _Campylidium_ a supposed new type of asexual fructification which he found on the thallus of tropical species of _Gyalecta_, _Lopadium_, etc., and which he considered analogous to pycnidia and spermogonia. Wainio[697] has however recognized the cup-like structure as a fungus, _Cyphella aeruginascens_ Karst., which grows on the bark of trees and occasionally is parasitic on the crustaceous thallus of lichens. Wainio has also identified the plant, _Lecidea irregularis_, first described by Fée[698], as also synonymous with the fungus. Another name _Orthidium_ was proposed by Müller[699] for a type of fructification he found in Brazil which he contrasts or associates with _Campylidium_. It has an open marginate disc with sporophores bearing acrogenous spores. He found it growing in connection with a thin lichen thallus on leaves and considered it to be a form of lichen reproduction. Possibly _Orthidium_ is also a _Cyphella_. III. SPERMOGONIA OR PYCNIDIA A. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF SPERMOGONIA The name spermogonium was given by Tulasne[700] to the “punctiform conceptacles” that are so plentifully produced on many lichen thalli, on the assumption that they were the male organs of the plant, and that the spore-like bodies borne in them were non-motile male cells or spermatia. The first record of their association with lichens was made by Dillenius[701], who indicates the presence of black tubercles on the thallus of _Physcia ciliaris_. He figures them also on several species of _Cladonia_, on _Ramalina_ and on _Dermatocarpon_, but without any suggestion as to their function. Hedwig’s[702] study of the reproductive organs of the Linnaean Cryptogams included lichens. He examined _Physcia ciliaris_, a species that not only is quite common but is generally found in a fruiting condition and with very prominent spermogonia, and has been therefore a favourite lichen for purposes of examination and study. Hedwig describes and figures not only the apothecia but also those other bodies which he designates as “punctula mascula,” or again as “puncta floris masculi.” In his later work he gives a drawing of _Lichen_ (_Gyrophora_) _proboscideus_, with two of the spermogonia in section.