Schwendener[185] meanwhile was engaged on his study of lichen anatomy. Though at first he adhered to the then accepted view of the genetic connection between hyphae and gonidia, his continued examination of the vegetative development led him to publish a short paper[186] in which he announced his opinion that the various blue-green and green gonidia were really algae and that the complete lichen in all cases represented a fungus living parasitically on an alga: in _Ephebe_, for example, the alga was a form of _Stigonema_, in the Collemaceae it was a species of _Nostoc_. In those lichens enclosing bright green cells, the gonidia were identical with _Cystococcus humicola_, while in _Graphideae_ the brightly coloured filamentous cells were those of _Chroolepus_ (_Trentepohlia_). This statement he repeated in an appendix to the larger work on lichens[187] and again in the following year[188] when he described more fully the different gonidial algae and the changes produced in their structure and habit by the action of the parasite: “though eventually the alga is destroyed,” he writes, “it is at first excited to more vigorous growth by contact with the fungus, and in the course of generations may become changed beyond recognition both in size and form.” In support of his theory of the composite constitution of the thallus, Schwendener pointed out the wide distribution and frequent occurrence in nature of the algae that become transformed to lichen gonidia. He claimed as further proof of the presence of two distinct organisms that, while the colourless filaments react in the same way as fungi on the application of iodine, the gonidia take the stain of algal membranes. G. SYNTHETIC CULTURES Schwendener’s “dual hypothesis,” as it was termed, excited great interest and no little controversy, the reasons for and against being debated with considerable heat. Rees[189] was the first who attempted to put the matter to the proof by making synthetic cultures. For this purpose he took spores from the apothecium of a _Collema_ and sowed them on pure cultures of _Nostoc_, and as a result obtained the formation of a lichen thallus, though he did not succeed in producing any fructification. He observed further that the hyphal filaments from the germinating spore died off when no _Nostoc_ was forthcoming.