1. ARBOREAL 363 _a._ Epiphyllous _b._ Corticolous _c._ Lignicolous 2. TERRICOLOUS 367 _a._ On calcareous soil _b._ On siliceous soil _c._ On bricks _d._ On humus _e._ On peaty soil _f._ On mosses _g._ On fungi 3. SAXICOLOUS 371 _a._ Characters of mineral substrata _b._ Colonization on rocks _c._ Calcicolous _d._ Silicicolous 4. OMNICOLOUS LICHENS 376 5. LOCALIZED COMMUNITIES 378 _a._ Maritime lichens _b._ Sand-dune lichens _c._ Mountain lichens _d._ Tundra lichens _e._ Desert lichens _f._ Aquatic lichens D. LICHENS AS PIONEERS 392 _a._ Soil-formers _b._ Outposts of vegetation CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A. LICHENS AS FOOD 395 _a._ Food for insects _b._ Insect mimicry of lichens _c._ Food for the higher animals _d._ Food for man B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE 405 _a._ Ancient remedies _b._ Doctrine of “signatures” _c._ Cure for hydrophobia _d._ Popular remedies C. LICHENS AS POISONS 410 D. LICHENS USED IN TANNING, BREWING AND DISTILLING 411 E. DYEING PROPERTIES OF LICHENS 411 _a._ Lichens as dye-plants _b._ The orchil lichen, Roccella _c._ Purple dyes: orchil, cudbear and litmus _d._ Other orchil lichens _e._ Preparation of orchil _f._ Brown and yellow dyes _g._ Collecting of dye-lichens _h._ Lichen colours and spectrum characters F. LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 418 _a._ Lichens as perfumes _b._ Lichens as hair-powder G. SOME MINOR USES OF LICHENS 420 APPENDIX 421 ADDENDUM 422 BIBLIOGRAPHY 423 INDEX 448 GLOSSARY =Acrogenous=, borne at the tips of hyphae; see spermatium, 312. =Allelositismus=, Norman’s term to describe the thallus of Moriolaceae (mutualism), 313. =Amorphous cortex=, formed of indistinct hyphae with thickened walls; cf. decomposed cortex. =Amphithecium=, thalline margin of the apothecium, 157.