The battle of Jena; Weimar plundered by the French; Goethe’s life saved through Christiane’s presence of mind; his helpfulness in a time of public trial; his formal marriage with Christiane; his son August; Johanna Schopenhauer; Bettina von Arnim; death of his mother in 1808; his interviews with Napoleon; new edition of Goethe’s writings; First Part of “Faust” published in 1808; change in his conception of the work as a whole; reception of the First Part by the public; “Die Wahlverwandtschaften”; “Aus Meinem Leben”; “West-Oestlicher Divan”; the War of Liberation; Goethe’s feeling about it; the Duke of Weimar is made a Grand Duke, and Goethe becomes First Minister of State in 1815; death of his wife on June 6, 1816 156 CHAPTER X. Marriage of August Goethe with Ottilie von Pogwisch; Goethe gives up the directorate of the Weimar Theatre; Wilhelmine Herzlieb; Marianne von Willemer; Ulrica von Levezow; celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Grand Duke’s accession; and of the fiftieth anniversary of Goethe’s arrival at Weimar; death of the Grand Duke, 1828; of the Grand Duchess, 1830; of Goethe’s son August, 1830; Eckermann; his “Conversations with Goethe”; Heine visits Goethe; gift from English admirers; Goethe’s feeling as to social problems; “Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre”; “Kunst und Alterthum”; his letters, and the character they reveal; the Second Part of “Faust”; his death, March 22, 1832; general view of his work. 170 INDEX 189 NOTE. The best sources of information about Goethe are his own works and letters. It would be ungrateful, however, not to acknowledge the service which has been rendered to students of his character and genius by various German scholars. Among the writers whose researches I myself have found helpful, I may name Heinrich Düntzer, Herman Grimm, Karl Biedermann, and Erich Schmidt. J. S. LIFE OF GOETHE CHAPTER I. Johann Wolfgang Goethe was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main on the 28th of August, 1749. His grandfather, Frederick George Goethe, who sprang from a family belonging to the working class, and was himself a tailor, made his way, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, from Artern on the Unstrut to Frankfort. Here he settled, and, early in the eighteenth century, took as his second wife a handsome widow of thirty-seven, Cornelia Schelhorn, the owner of the inn, “Zum Weidenhof.” Frederick George is said to have been a man of pleasant manners and a skilful musician. His second wife was in every way worthy of him, an energetic and kindly woman, with all the gracious qualities evoked in generous natures by prosperous circumstances. They had three children, of whom Johann Kaspar, Goethe’s father, born on the 27th of July, 1710, was the youngest.