Service, personal, honorable for nobles, 48. Servants, abundant in castles, 85. organization and duties of, 86. Service, at table, 123. Shields, 193. Shopkeepers, 358, 359. Shoes, 90. Shrines, sought by pilgrims, 298. Sickness, frequent in Middle Ages, 277. leprosy and other plagues, 278. great losses in childbirth, 279. healing saints, 279, 280. mediæval medicine, 280 ff. Siege of a castle, 234 ff. varieties of siege engines, 236, 237. the beffroi, 237. mantelets, 238. undermining a wall, 239. Silks, for apparel, 92. _Sortes Apostolorum_, 306. Soups, 117. Spirits, supernatural, belief in, 301. Squires, taught to serve at table, 123. training and duties of, 182-184. Subinfeudation, 12. Superstitions, of peasants, 306. See Witchcraft, Devil, etc. Surcoat, introduction of, 93. Suzerains, see Feudualism. Swords, 194. Syndics, of guilds, 362. Syria, famous castles in, 19. T Tables, at dinner, 124. Tapestries, in castles, 37, 38. Taverns, 345. Tennis, game of, 57. Thirteenth Century: height of the Middle Ages, 2. Tilting, see Tourneys. Times for meals, 42. Tolls, on commerce, 367. Tortures, 165 ff. vainly discouraged by Pope Nicholas I, 166. methods of, 167 ff. Tolls, at a baron's bridge, 12. Towers of castle, 23. Trade, in towns, 358 ff. See Fairs. Travelers, usually welcomed at castles, 44. Travel, 343-345. Trenchers, at feast, 127. Tristan and Ysolt, story of, 139. _Trivium_, 336. Trojan War, romances of, 179. Troubadour songs, 144, 145. Tourneys, 208 ff. "crying" the tourney, 208. people attracted to them, 209. early tourneys were battles, 209, 210. denounced by Church, 210. arrangements for, 210, 211. lists and lodges, 211. opening ceremonies, 212. procession of jousters, 213. armor and bizarre costumes worn, 214. jousting by pairs, 215. art of lance-breaking, 216. a bloody duel, 217. defending a barrier, 218, 219. dueling for ransoms, 220. the mêlée, 221, 222. vast expense of tourneys, 223. Trouvéres, 142 ff. Tyranny, of outrageous barons, 8, 9. V Vassals, can have two or more seigneurs, 11. desire to hold from the king, 12. summons of, to war, 230. see Feudalism, Homage, etc. Vegetables, 68, 118. Vigil before knighthood, 202. Vikings, castles built to resist them, 5. Villeins, subject to summary justice, 164. See Peasants. Virgin, The, popular worship of, 293. W Walls of castle, 23. Wars, nobles delight in, 176. almost incessant, 224. varieties of, 225. See Feuds. Watchman, on castle tower, 34. Weapons, give superiority to nobles, 189. arms preferred by them, 189, 190. missile weapons non-noble, 191. armor, 191 ff. hauberks and helmets, 192. shields, 193. swords, 194. lances, 195.