Peasants, forbidden to kill game, 67. inferior weapons of, 189. life of, 253 ff. always considered inferior, 254. population dense, 254. in danger from famines, 255. frequently emancipated from serfdom, 256. status of free "villeins," 257. constantly exploited, 258. lands much divided, 259. primitive agricultural methods, 261. calamity of short crops, 261, 262. a peasant family, 262. its house and furniture, 263. clothing of peasants, 264. very poor peasants, 265. villein marriage customs, 266. long hours of toil, 267. lack of education, 267, 268. filthy habits, 269. sullen and impious characters, 270. gross oppression by knights, 271. severe game laws, 272. futile peasant revolts, 273. popular village sports, 274. Pellison, 90, 91. Penance, public, 290. Philip Augustus, see Battle, Bouvines. Physicians, see Medical Art. Pilgrimage, as penance, 297. shrines frequented, 298. sacredness of Rome, 299. Pillory, 171. Pleasures, usual, of a baron, 43. Pork, demand for, 115. Porters of castle, 22. Poultry, 116. Priests, parish, 388 ff. how appointed, 388, 389. scandalous appointments, 389, 390. status of, in villages, 390. charges against, 391. many faithful and learned, 391, 392. Prior, of abbey, 322. Prison, sometimes under donjon, 33. treatment of inmates, 168, 169. fearful dungeons in, 169. Privacy, absence of in baronial castle, 36. Provosts, 8, 10. enforce law on barony, 161 ff, 259. Q _Quadrivium_, 336. _Quintain_, 185. R Ragman's roll, 51. Ransoms, sought in tourneys, 220. Recluses, 296. Reign of Folly, 291. Relics, holy, used for healing, 282, 283. saints, 307 ff. collections of, 308. great value of, 309. often spurious, 310. "translations" of, 311. Religion, popular, 286 ff. attitude of knights, 287. fear of Last Day, 288. Excommunications, 289. public penance, 290. festive side of religion, 291. "Reign of Folly," 291. Mass of the Ass, 292. Worship of the Virgin, 293. Christmas celebrations, 294. mystery plays, 295. hermits and recluses, 296. pilgrims, 297 ff. belief in spirits, 301 ff. Rings, customs with, 95, 96. Rising, early hour for, 41. Roads, evil state of, 344. Roland, Chanson de, 138. ordeal by battle in, 162. Romances, North French, 142, 143. read by young nobles, 180. Roman Law, returning to vogue, 160. Rome, resort for pilgrims, 299. Routine of the day, for a baron, 43. Rushes for carpets in castle halls, 37. S Sanitation, lacking in castle cookhouses, 28. not sufficiently guarded even by nobility, 42. Scientific studies, in monasteries, 337 ff. Seigneurial officers, 259. Self-sufficiency of a well-ruled barony, 46. Seneschal, of a castle, 48. Serfdom, 256.