From the so-called Cromer forest-bed and associated deposits on the Norfolk coast several pre-Glacial plants have been obtained, indicating a temperate climate during this phase of the Pleistocene period. A few arctic species, such as the dwarf birch and arctic willow obtained from the deposits next above the Cromer forest-bed, herald the near approach of glacial conditions. It may be remarked in passing that no satisfactory evidence has been discovered in Britain of the existence of man in this part of Europe in pre-Glacial days: it is, however, believed that flints from Tertiary strata on the continent show traces of human workmanship. As Sir Edwin Ray Lankester said in 1905, 'It is not improbable that it was in the remote period known as the Lower Miocene--remote as compared with the gravels in which Eoliths [primitive stone implements] occur--that Natural Selection began to favour that increase in the size of the brain of a large and not very powerful semi-erect ape'(28). Though comparatively recent in terms of geological chronology, the remoteness, according to ordinary conceptions of time, of the Tertiary period is brought home to us when we endeavour to grasp the fact that it was during this chapter in the earth's history that some of our highest mountain-ranges, such as the Alps, the Carpathians, and Himalayas were formed by the uplifting of piles of marine sediments. From Tertiary strata in the Isle of Wight, on the Hampshire coast, and in the London basin numerous fossil plants have been obtained, which afford convincing evidence of climatic conditions much more genial than those of the present day. The presence of palm leaves and of a wealth of other sub-tropical plants in Lower Tertiary beds in England reveals the existence of a flora differing considerably both from that in the uppermost Tertiary beds of Norfolk and from the modern British flora, but closely allied to the present Mediterranean flora.