[172] While this chapter was being written the newspapers reported a case of a patriot's suicide which may be cited as typical. "An Imperial Edict issued on September 5," says _The Times_ of September 21, 1909, "bestowed posthumous honours upon the Metropolitan official Yung Lin, who recently 'sacrificed his life in order to display his patriotism.' The Edict is in reply to a memorial from the supervising censor of the Metropolitan circuit and others asking for the Imperial commendation of an act which has attracted great attention in Peking. Yung Lin, a Manchu of small official rank but high literary gifts, bemoaning the fate of his country, recently presented a petition to the Regent 'dealing with the circumstances of the times, and then gave up his life.' Unable to present it in person, he sent his memorial to the Press. It is a model of finished literary style. Imperial approval will certainly be given to its official publication throughout the Empire." In the course of his memorial, in which he alluded to and bewailed the misfortunes of China and the crimes of those in high places, Yung Lin expressed his belief that unless reforms speedily take place, the "foreigners will seize the excuse of protection for chapels and Legations to increase their garrisons, while secretly pursuing their scheme for converting their sojourn in the land into ownership." He also makes some remarks which, though they would meet the hearty support of a Ruskin, will not be relished by foreign traders. Writing of the waste of the national resources, he says that "vast sums of money are frittered away in the purchase of useless foreign goods." After sending his memorial to the Press, Yung Lin cut his throat. The direct or indirect results of this affair will perhaps be more far-reaching than may at present be thought likely. [173] G. Chatterton Hill, _Heredity and Selection in Sociology_, p. 187. [174] See Campbell Oman's _Cults, Customs and Superstitions of India_ (Fisher Unwin: 1908), p. 108. [175] Cases in modern times where Chinese widows have actually been compelled to commit suicide on their husbands' death are referred to in Smith's _Chinese Characteristics_ (5th ed.), p. 215. [176] See p. 203. [177] See pp. 204 _seq._ [178] See p. 47. [179] The technical term almost invariably used for this action is _hsün_, which is the word used for the old practice of _burying alive with the dead_. In modern times, as in all these stories, the word signifies the death of a widow who commits suicide to prove her wifely fidelity. [180] Obviously because they wished to arrange a new betrothal for her. [181] The Underworld of disembodied souls. [182] In Peking and many other places the bridegroom does not _ying ch'in_ or "go to meet the bride." He stays at home and awaits her arrival.