[193] Expressions such as _pai sao_ (the extended meaning of which is "to make obeisance to the ancestral spirits and to sweep the tombs") are also well known. In southern China (_e.g._ at Canton) perhaps the commonest term is _pai shan_, "to worship (at) the hills"--where in that part of the Empire the majority of the graves are situated. [194] See illustration. [195] See pp. 160 _seq._ [196] _Primitive Culture_ (4th ed.), vol. ii. p. 227. Dr. Tylor quotes from Cato, _De Re Rustica_, 139; Pliny, xvii. 47. [197] See pp. 382 _seq._ [198] _The Religious System of China_, vol. ii. pp. 462 _seq._ See also vol. i. pp. 294 _seq._, and p. 348, where Dr. De Groot mentions "the conception that if a body is properly circumvested by objects and wood imbued with _Yang_ matter, or, in other words, with the same _shên_ afflatus of which the soul is composed, it will be a seat for the manes even after death, a support to which the manes may firmly adhere and thus prevent their nebulous, shadowy being from evaporating and suffering annihilation." [199] "The ancient Chinese, as well as Pliny, must have observed that _pinus et cupressus adversum cariem tineasque firmissimae_. (Hist. Nat. xvi.) These trees being in fact more proof against the ravages of air, weather and insects than perhaps any other growing on the soil of the Empire, it is natural enough that the inhabitants thereof ascribed their strong constitution to the large amount of vital power in their wood."--DE GROOT, _Religious System of China_, vol. i. p. 295.