One of the archangels, whose name can be guessed, decidedly disapproved, and calls a meeting, at which he explains that ‘orders and degrees Jar not with liberty, but well consist;’ but still, that the promotion of a new person, on grounds of relationship merely, above, even infinitely above, the old angels, with imperial titles, was ‘a new law,’ and rather tyrannical. Abdiel, ‘than whom none with more zeal adored The Deity, and with divine commands obeyed,’ attempts a defence: ‘Grant it thee unjust, That equal over equals monarch reign: Thyself, though great and glorious, dost thou count, Or all angelic nature join’d in one, Equal to him begotten Son? by whom As by his Word the mighty Father made All things, ev’n thee; and all the Spirits of Heav’n By him created in their bright degrees, Crown’d them with glory, and to their glory named Thrones, Dominations, Princedoms, Virtues, Pow’rs, Essential Pow’rs; nor by his reign obscured, But more illustrious made; since he the Head, One of our number thus reduced becomes; His laws our laws; all honour to him done Returns our own. Cease then this impious rage, And tempt not these; but hasten to appease Th’ incensed Father and th’ incensed Son, While pardon may be found, in time besought.’ Yet though Abdiel’s intentions were undeniably good, his argument is rather specious. Acting as an instrument in the process of creation would scarcely give a valid claim to the obedience of the created being. Power may be shown in the act, no doubt; but mere power gives no true claim to the obedience of moral beings. It is a kind of principle of all manner of idolatries and false religions to believe that it does so. Satan, besides, takes issue on the fact: ‘That we were formed then, say’st thou? and the work Of secondary hands, by task transferr’d From Father to his Son? Strange point and new! Doctrine which we would know whence learned.’ And we must say that the speech in which the new ruler is introduced to the ‘thrones, dominations, princedoms, powers,’ is hard to reconcile with Abdiel’s exposition. ‘_This day_’ he seems to have come into existence, and could hardly have assisted at the creation of the angels, who are not young, and who converse with one another like old acquaintances.