Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great Philosophers, Volume 8Hubbard, Elbert
Philosophy
Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great Philosophers, Volume 8
Hubbard, Elbert
Philosophers
Spinoza says that "evil" and "good" have no objective reality, but are
merely relative to our feelings, and that "evil" in particular is
nothing positive, but a privation only, or non-existence.
Spinoza says that love consecrates every indifferent particular
connected with the object of affection. Good is that which we certainly
know to be useful to us. Evil is that which we certainly know stands in
the way of our command of good.
Good is that which helps. Bad is that which hinders our
self-maintenance and active powers.
A passage from Spinoza which well reveals his habit of thought and which
placed the censors on his track runs as follows:
The ultimate design of the State is not to dominate men, to
restrain them by fear, to make them subject to the will of others,
but, on the contrary, to permit every one, as far as possible, to
live in security. That is to say, to preserve intact the natural
right which is his, to live without being harmed himself or doing
harm to others. No, I say, the design of the State is not to
transform men into animals or automata from reasonable beings; its
design is to arrange matters that citizens may develop their minds
and bodies in security, and to make free use of their reason. The
true design of the State, then, is liberty. Whoever would respect
the rights of the sovereign ought never to act in opposition to his
decrees; but each has a right to think as he pleases and to say
what he thinks, provided that he limits himself to speaking and to
teaching in the name of pure reason, and that he does not attempt,
in his private capacity, to introduce innovations into the State.
For example, a citizen demonstrates that a certain law is repugnant
to sound reason, and believing this, he thinks it ought to be
abrogated. If he submits his opinion to the judgment of the
sovereign, to which alone it belongs to establish and to abolish
laws, and if, in the meantime, he does nothing contrary to law, he
certainly deserves well of the State as being a good citizen.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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