LITTLE MASTERPIECES OF SCIENCE [Illustration: Louis Pasteur.] Little Masterpieces of Science Edited by George Iles HEALTH AND HEALING _By_ Sir James Paget, M.D. Patrick Geddes and Sir J. R. Bennett, M.D. J. Arthur Thomson T. M. Prudden, M.D. B. W. Richardson, M.D. G. M. Sternberg, M.D. Buel P. Colton Robson Roose, M.D. J. S. Billings, M.D. NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1902 Copyright, 1902, by Doubleday, Page & Co. Copyright, 1894, by Harper & Brothers Copyright, 1901, by Popular Science Monthly Copyright, 1900, by D. C. Heath & Co. Copyright, 1901, by Evening Post Publishing Co. Copyright, 1901, by G. P. Putnam's Sons PREFACE When we remember that sound health is the foundation of every other good, of all work fruitful and enjoyed, we see that in this field new knowledge and new skill have won their most telling victories. Pain, long deemed as inevitable as winter's cold, has vanished at the chemist's bidding: the study of minutest life is resulting in measures which promise to rid the world of consumption itself. Dr. Billings's masterly review of medical progress during the nineteenth century, following upon chapters from other medical writers of the first rank, strikes Prevention as its dominant note. To-day the aim of the great physicians is not simply to restore health when lost, but the maintenance of health while still unimpaired. Worthy of remark is the co-operation in this good task which the physician receives at the hands of the inventor and the man of business. To-day the railroad, quick and cheap, disperses crowded cities into country fields: even the poorest of the poor may take a summer outing on mountain slopes, on the shores of lake or sea. As easily may the invalid escape the rigors of a Northern winter as he journeys to the Gulf of Mexico. For those who stay at home the railroad is just as faithfully at work. It exchanges the oranges of Florida for the ice of Maine, and brings figs and peaches from California to New England and New York. These, together with the cold storage warehouse and the cannery, have given the orchard and the kitchen garden all seasons for their own. Nor must we forget the mills that offer a dozen palatable cereals for the breakfast table, most of the drudgery of preparation shifted from the kitchen to the factory. Because food is thus various and wholesome as never before, the health and strength of the people steadily gains, while medicine falls into less and less request; for what is medicine three times in ten but a corrective for a poor or ill-balanced diet?