§1. Formal Consistency and Material Truth 159 §2. Real General Propositions assert more than has been directly observed 160 §3. Hence, formally, a Syllogism's Premises seem to beg the Conclusion 162 §4. Materially, a Syllogism turns upon the resemblance of the Minor to the Middle Term; and thus extends the Major Premise to new cases 163 §5. Restatement of the _Dictum_ for material reasoning 165 §6. Uses of the Syllogism 167 §7. Analysis of the Uniformity of Nature, considered as the formal ground of all reasoning 169 §8. Grounds of our belief in Uniformity 173 CHAPTER XIV CAUSATION §1. The most important aspect of Uniformity in relation to Induction is Causation 174 §2. Definition of "Cause" explained: five marks of Causation 175 §3. How strictly the conception of Cause can be applied depends upon the subject under investigation 183 §4. Scientific conception of Effect. Plurality of Causes 185 §5. Some condition, but not the whole cause, may long precede the Effect; and some co-effect, but not the whole effect, may long survive the Cause 187 §6. Mechanical Causes and the homogeneous Intermixture of Effects; Chemical Causes and the heteropathic Intermixture of Effects 188 §7. Tendency, Resultant, Counteraction, Elimination, Resolution, Analysis, Reciprocity 189 CHAPTER XV INDUCTIVE METHOD §1. Outline of Inductive investigation 192 §2. Induction defined 196 §3. "Perfect Induction" 196 §4. Imperfect Induction methodical or immethodical 197 §5. Observation and Experiment, the material ground of Induction, compared 198 §6. The principle of Causation is the formal ground of Induction 201 §7. The Inductive Canons are derived from the principle of Causation, the more readily to detect it in facts observed 202 CHAPTER XVI THE CANONS OF DIRECT INDUCTION